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<h1>Frequently Asked Questions: Connectors for Cold-Formed Steel Curtain-Wall Construction and Bridging Connectors</h1>

<h2>Curtain-Wall Clips</h2>

<h3>General Design</h3>

<section class="accordion">

  <div class="accordion__block expanded">
    
    <h4>What safety factors have been used to establish allowable loads for your curtain-wall clips?</h4>

    <div class="accordion__content">
         
    <p>The typical safety factor (Ω) used to determine the allowable  connector loads ranges from 2.25 to 2.45.  Safety factors have been established through testing in accordance with ICC-ES  Acceptance Criteria for Connectors Used  with Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (AC261) and Chapter F of the AISI  North American Specification for the  Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (S100-2007). Values depend on the test failure mode, the  coefficient of variation of the test results, and the number of tests  performed.</p>
  
    <p>For the allowable anchorage loads, the  safety factor is established in the same manner as connectors described above  if the test is limited by the connector, screws, or welds. Higher safety factors are used if test loads  are limited by the performance of anchors in concrete (Ω = 4.0) or shot pins (Ω = 5.0) to reflect the higher  variability and sudden failure associated with these limit states.</p>

    </div>        
    
  </div>                

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4> You only provide allowable loads, but I need LRFD values. How can I convert tabulated allowable loads? </h4>
    
    <div class="accordion__content">
        
    <p> For select curtain-wall connectors reference <a href="https://embed.widencdn.net/pdf/plus/ssttoolbox/ciky5xqyrl/L-CF-CWCLRFD15.pdf" class="file file--pdf" target="_blank" class="file file--pdf">Curtain-Wall Connectors: Service Load Limits, LRFD Design Strengths, and Nominal Strengths</a> or the information provided in the <a href="/resources/literature/cold-formed-steel-catalog">Connectors For Cold-Formed Steel Construction catalog</a>.  For other connectors, Designers can multiply allowable loads by the factors tabulated below to obtain design strength for use with LRFD. Can I use Simpson Strong-Tie<sup>&reg;</sup> Titen<sup>&reg;</sup> hex-head  screws, PDPT pins, or PDPAT pins to anchor curtain-wall clips when resisting  seismic loads?</a> See below for further information.</p>

    <table class="la">

      <thead>
          
        <tr>
          
          <th>Condition</th>
          
          <th>Load Type(s)</th>
          
          <th>Factor</th>
        
        </tr>
      
      </thead>
    
      <tbody>
  
        <tr>
          
          <td>Allowable Connector Loads</td>
          
          <td>Dead, wind, and seismic</td>
          
          <td>1.6</td>
        
        </tr>
   
        <tr>

          <td colspan="3">Allowable Anchorage Loads</td>
    
        </tr>
    
        <tr>
      
          <td> #12 self-drilling screws </td>
      
          <td>Dead, wind, and seismic</td>
      
          <td>1.6</td>
    
        </tr>
    
        <tr>
      
          <td> Welded </td>
      
          <td>Dead, wind, and seismic</td>
      
          <td>1.6</td>
    
        </tr>
    
        <tr>
      
          <td rowspan="2"> Simpson Strong-Tie&reg; PDPT and PDPAT powder-actuated fasteners /td>
      
          <td>Dead and seismic</td>
      
          <td>1.4</td>
    
        </tr>
    
        <tr>
          
          <td>Wind</td>
          
          <td>1.6</td>
    
        </tr>
    
        <tr>
      
          <td rowspan="2"> Simpson Strong-Tie&reg; Titen&reg; hex-head screws </td>
      
          <td>Dead and seismic</td>
      
          <td>1.4</td>
    
        </tr>
    
        <tr>
          
          <td>Wind</td>
          
          <td>1.6</td>
        
        </tr>

      </tbody>

    </table>

    <p>Design strengths obtained in this manner will be accurate for conditions where allowable loads are controlled by strength limits, and conservative if the allowable load is limited by serviceability (deflection) criteria.  For serviceability checks, the tabulated allowable loads can conservatively be considered to correspond to a deflection of 1/8" in the direction of the applied load.  If more detailed information regarding LRFD design strengths is required, please contact Simpson Strong-Tie.</p>

  </div>
    
  </div>

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4>   Do tabulated allowable loads for the FCB bypass framing fixed clips consider combined loads? If not, how should I account for them? </h4>                

    <div class="accordion__content">
          
      <p>No, combined loads are not considered as testing was performed separately for each load direction (F2 – tension, F3 – compression, and F4 – vertical). Currently, we recommend Designers use whatever interaction equation they have used in the past. In the absence of other guidance, a linear interaction equation is suggested.</p>

    </div>
    
  </div>

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
  
    <h4>  Based on the design conditions, I sometimes assume moment created by the eccentric weight of the curtain-wall is resisted entirely in the anchorage of the fixed clip to the structure, and other times assume it is resisted by horizontal forces at adjacent floor levels. How do I use your allowable loads to address both of these conditions? </h4>         

    <div class="accordion__content">

      <p>For the <a href="/rigidconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/fcb_clip/p/fcb">FCB bypass framing fixed-clip connectors</a>, the tabulated allowable connector loads and allowable anchorage loads for F4 (vertical) loads can be used for both conditions (see Figures A and B below).  Testing to establish <a href="/rigidconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/fcb_clip/p/fcb">FCB allowable connector loads</a> was conducted on test setups where most of the moment was resolved through a horizontal force couple as shown in Figure A.  This condition results in both shear and moment on the fastener group attaching the connector to the stud and therefore is critical for the connector.  Testing to determine <a href="/rigidconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/fcb_clip/p/fcb">FCB allowable anchorage loads</a>, on the other hand, was conducted on test setups that required all of the moment be resisted in the anchorage of the fixed connector to the supporting structure (see Figure B).  Since the allowable loads determined in this manner represent the extreme case for both the connector and anchorage, they are conservative for most practical design conditions and can be used without adjustment as long as the minimum of the tabulated allowable connector load and allowable anchorage load is used for design. </p>

      <div class="row">
      
        <div class="col-sm-6 ca">
          
          <img alt="Dwng-v3B" src="https://embed.widencdn.net/img/ssttoolbox/iuqzeai4mk/exact/Dwng-v3A.jpeg">
          
          <strong> Figure A </strong>
          
          <p>Eccentric Weight Resolved in Horizontal Force Couple</p>

        </div>

        <div class="col-sm-6 ca">

          <img alt="Dwng-v3B" src="https://embed.widencdn.net/img/ssttoolbox/iuqzeai4mk/exact/Dwng-v3B.jpeg">
          
          <strong> Figure B </strong>
          
          <p>Eccentric Weight Resolved in Moment at Anchorage</p>

        </div>

      </div>

    </div>
      
  </div>

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4>   How close to the web punch-out in the stud can I install your connectors? </h4>             

    <div class="accordion__content">
      
      <p>Designers can determine this dimension in the same manner used for any other connection.  A general rule of thumb is that the clip should not be within  1/2 of the stud depth from the top or bottom edge of the punch-out.</p>

    </div>

  </div> 

</section>

<h3>Design For In-Plane Loads</h3>

<section class="accordion">
  
  <div class="accordion__block expanded">
  
    <h4>  I need to transfer in-plane loads from the curtain-wall to the main building structure. Do you provide allowable loads for this load direction? </h4>

    <div class="accordion__content">
      
      <p>Yes. Allowable in-plane loads (what we refer to as 'F1' loads), are published in the Simpson Strong-Tie<sup>&reg;</sup> <a href="/resources/literature/cold-formed-steel-catalog">Connectors For Cold-Formed Steel Construction</a> catalog.</p>
    
    </div>        
    
  </div>                

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
  
    <h4>   I need to accommodate inter-story drift in the design of my curtain-wall. Do you have a drift clip or other recommendations? </h4>                 

    <div class="accordion__content">
  
      <p>Yes. We have developed two drift connectors to accomodate inter-story drift, <a href="https://embed.widencdn.net/pdf/plus/ssttoolbox/mwm523y4ca/F-CF-DSSCB17.pdf" target="_blank" class="file file--pdf">DSSCB</a> and <a href="/driftconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/idcb_clip/p/idcb" class="file file--pdf">IDCB</a>.</p>
        
    </div>
  
  </div>

</section>

<h3> Fasteners and Anchorage </h3>

<section class="accordion">
  
  <div class="accordion__block expanded">
    
    <h4>  You list a minimum required steel thickness of 3/16" for anchorage using #12 screws. What is the maximum steel thickness I can use with #12 screws? </h4>

    <div class="accordion__content">
      
      <p>The maximum steel thickness you can anchor to using #12 screws depends on the screw.  Many factors affect the maximum thickness, but self-drilling screws cannot drill through material thicker than the length of the drill point.  Fastener manufacturers often publish the recommended maximum total thickness.  The Simpson Strong-Tie<sup>&reg;</sup> <a href="/strongdrive_metalscrews/xl_screw/p/strong-drive-xl-large-head-metal-screw">XQ1S1214 screws</a> may be installed in steel up to  1/4" thick.  Other screws with appropriate drill points may be installed in steel up to  1/2" thick.</p>
    </div>        
    
  </div>                

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4>  What is the maximum thickness stud I can attach to using the #14 shouldered screws provided with the SCB, SCW, and SSB slide-clip connectors? </h4>        

    <div class="accordion__content">
      
      <p>We recommend limiting the maximum design thickness of the stud to 118 mil (10 ga). This ensures that the #14 shouldered screw extends through the connection a minimum of three exposed threads as required by code.</p>
      
    </div>
  
  </div>

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4>   How should I install the #14 shouldered screws provided with the SCB, SCW, and SSB slide-clip connectors? </h4>             

    <div class="accordion__content">

      <div class="row">
      
        <div class="col-sm-8">
    
          <p>Simpson Strong-Tie recommends the shouldered screws be installed as  follows:</p>
      
          <ul>
            
            <li>To  avoid stripped and overdriven fasteners, install shouldered screws with a  variable speed adjustable torque screwdriver (screw gun).</li>
            
            <li>Set  torque adjustment to stop driving when the bottom of the shoulder comes into  contact with the surface of the stud and there is a small gap between the  bottom of the screw washer and the connector (see illustration below). Note that the proper torque will vary based  on the 
            thickness of the stud material.</li>
            
            <li>Adjust  speed (RPM) and applied force as required to avoid tip “walking” and build-up  of excessive heat. In general, 2500 RPM  is the maximum drill speed that should be used for installation.</li>
            
            <li>Drive  screw perpendicular to the surface of the stud and connector, centered in the connector  slot.</li>
          
          </ul>
      
        </div>
    
        <div class="col-sm-4">

          <img alt="CFS_InstReq" src="https://embed.widencdn.net/img/ssttoolbox/wagkincmzo/exact/CFS_InstReq.jpeg">

        </div>

      </div>

    </div>
    
  </div>

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4> Why  aren’t Simpson Strong-Tie<sup>&reg;</sup> Titen<sup>&reg;</sup> hex-head screws and  PDPT or PDPAT powder-actuated fasteners included in <a href="https://embed.widencdn.net/pdf/plus/ssttoolbox/kppcmgcn6s/ER_0238.pdf" target="_blank" class="file file--pdf">IAPMO UES ER-0238</a>?</h4>                        

    <div class="accordion__content">
    
    <p>Currently,  there are no acceptance criteria that can be used as the basis to issue a code  report for concrete screws or shot pins installed in connectors. ICC-ES publishes criteria to establish  allowable and design strengths for concrete screws (AC193) and shot pins  (AC70), but these apply only to individual fasteners. Since the demand on the fasteners is  complicated and difficult to accurately predict, testing of the complete system  of the connector and anchors is required. Our <a href="/products/anchoring-systems/technical-notes/direct-fastening-systems/gas-and-powder-actuated-pins-design-information">PDPT and PDPAT</a> powder-actuated fasteners have been qualified under AC70 and are listed in <a href="https://embed.widencdn.net/pdf/plus/ssttoolbox/7himtaz2kl/esr-2138.pdf" target="_blank" class="file file--pdf">ICC-ES  ESR 2138</a> for installation into ASTM A36 steel, ASTM A572 Grade 50 steel,  and concrete.
    </p>
    
    </div>
    
  </div>

  <div class="accordion__block collapsed">
    
    <h4>   Can I use Simpson Strong-Tie<sup>&reg;</sup> Titen<sup>&reg;</sup> hex-head screws, PDPT pins, or PDPAT pins to anchor curtain-wall clips when resisting seismic loads? </h4>     

    <div class="accordion__content">
     
      <p>Yes, but only under certain  conditions. Our <a href="https://www.strongtie.com/mechanicalanchors_mechanicalanchoringproducts/tnt_screw/p/titen-turbo">Titen hex-head screws</a> are not listed in a product evaluation report, so Designers should check with  the local building official regarding their use to resist seismic loads. <a href="/products/anchoring-systems/technical-notes/direct-fastening-systems/gas-and-powder-actuated-pins-design-information">PDPAT pins</a> may be used  to anchor curtain-wall clips resisting seismic loads based on Seismic Design  Category (SDC) as follows:</p>
  
      <ul>
    
        <li>SDC  A and B: Permitted.</li>
        
        <li>SDC  C: Permitted for designs in accordance  with ASCE 7, Chapter 13.</li>
        
        <li>SDC  D, E, and F:
      
          <ul>
            
            <li>For  designs under 2006 IBC and 2009 IBC – Not permitted (ASCE 7-05, Section  13.4.5). </li>
            
            <li>For  designs under 2012 IBC – Permitted for installations in steel provided “the  service load on any individual fastener does not exceed 250 lb” (ASCE 7-10,  Section 13.4.5). Design must be in  accordance with ASCE 7, Chapter 13.</li>
          
          </ul>
    
        </li>
  
      </ul>
    
    </div>
  
  </div>

</section>

<h2> Bridging Connectors</h2>

<section class="accordion">
  
  <div class="accordion__block expanded">
    
    <h4>   I've seen standard details for wall stud bridging that show the cold-rolled channel attached to the stud with a clip angle of length equal to either 80% of the stud depth or 1/2" less than the stud depth.  Do the Simpson Strong-Tie<sup>&reg;</sup> <a href="/bridgingandbracingconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/subh_clip/p/subh">SUBH and MSUBH bridging connectors</a> comply with the code, and do the generic clip angle length requirements contained in these details apply? </h4>

    <div class="accordion__content">
  
      <p>The Simpson Strong-Tie <a href="/bridgingandbracingconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/subh_clip/p/subh">SUBH and MSUBH bridging connectors</a> comply with the code and dimensions have been established to provide structural performance while simplifying installation.  AISI S100-2007 Section D3 contains strength and stiffness requirements for all bridging connections, however, the specification does not include limitations on dimensions or restrict how the strength and stiffness of the bridging connector is achieved.  Note that the standard details that include minimum dimensions for the clip angles are not part of the code.  They are prescriptive details applicable to generic clip angles and therefore do not apply to the SUBH and MSUBH connectors.  Instead, <a href="/bridgingandbracingconnectors_coldformedsteelconstruction/subh_clip/p/subh">strength and stiffness design values</a> for the SUBH and MSUBH connectors in studs of various depth and thickness have been established through extensive testing to ensure compliance with AISI S100-2007 Section D3 for axially and laterally loaded stud wall systems.</p>
    
    </div>        
  
  </div>                

</section>

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Frequently asked questions regarding connectors for cold-formed steel curtain-wall construction and bridging connectors.

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